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+MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
+
+
+
+NAME
+ man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
+
+SYNOPSIS
+ man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale]
+ [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I]
+ [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager]
+ [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification] [-p
+ string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section]
+ page ...] ...
+ man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
+ man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
+ man -f [whatis options] page ...
+ man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L
+ locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t]
+ [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
+ man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
+ man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
+ man [-?V]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+ man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is nor‐
+ mally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page associ‐
+ ated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section,
+ if provided, will direct man to look only in that section of the manual.
+ The default action is to search in all of the available sections following
+ a pre-defined order ("1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 5 4 9 6 7" by default,
+ unless overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config), and to
+ show only the first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
+
+ The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the
+ types of pages they contain.
+
+
+ 1 Executable programs or shell commands
+ 2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
+ 3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
+ 4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
+ 5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
+ 6 Games
+ 7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7),
+ groff(7)
+ 8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
+ 9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
+
+ A manual page consists of several sections.
+
+ Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIP‐
+ TION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VER‐
+ SIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
+
+ The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as
+ a guide in other sections.
+
+
+ bold text type exactly as shown.
+ italic text replace with appropriate argument.
+ [-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
+ -a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
+ argument ... argument is repeatable.
+ [expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
+
+ Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man
+ will usually not be able to render italics when running in a terminal, and
+ will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
+
+ The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all
+ possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate several
+ exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual
+ page.
+
+EXAMPLES
+ man ls
+ Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
+
+ man -a intro
+ Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages con‐
+ tained within the manual. It is possible to quit between successive
+ displays or skip any of them.
+
+ man -t alias | lpr -Pps
+ Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual
+ page, into the default troff or groff format and pipe it to the printer
+ named ps. The default output for groff is usually PostScript. man
+ --help should advise as to which processor is bound to the -t option.
+
+ man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
+ This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page
+ ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi) file. The redirection is
+ necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with no
+ pager. The output could be viewed with a program such as xdvi or fur‐
+ ther processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.
+
+ man -k printf
+ Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword
+ printf as regular expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent to
+ apropos -r printf.
+
+ man -f smail
+ Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short
+ descriptions of any found. Equivalent to whatis -r smail.
+
+OVERVIEW
+ Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as
+ possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search path, section
+ order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed
+ below.
+
+ If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the
+ operation of man. It is possible to set the `catch all' variable $MANOPT
+ to any string in command line format with the exception that any spaces
+ used as part of an option's argument must be escaped (preceded by a back‐
+ slash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line.
+ Those options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same options
+ found on the command line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D
+ can be specified as the initial command line option. This will allow man
+ to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT although they must still
+ have been valid.
+
+ The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index
+ database caches. These caches contain information such as where each man‐
+ ual page can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line
+ description of the man page) contains, and allow man to run faster than if
+ it had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate manual
+ page. If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches
+ remain consistent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to
+ update traditional whatis text databases.
+
+ If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual
+ page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested manual pages,
+ although file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy.
+ If whatis or apropos fails to find an index it will try to extract informa‐
+ tion from a traditional whatis database instead.
+
+ These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default,
+ the extensions of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to deal with any compres‐
+ sion extension, but this information must be known at compile time. Also,
+ by default, any cat pages produced are compressed using gzip. Each
+ `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man may
+ have any directory as its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages
+ are stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such
+ as those specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better
+ to store them elsewhere. For details on how to do this, please read man‐
+ path(5). For details on why to do this, read the standard.
+
+ International support is available with this package. Native language man‐
+ ual pages are accessible (if available on your system) via use of locale
+ functions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set either
+ $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system dependent environment variable to
+ your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format:
+
+ <language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
+
+ If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in
+ lieu of the standard (usually American English) page.
+
+ Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this pack‐
+ age and can be activated in the same way, again if available. If you find
+ that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are
+ not available in your native language and you would like to supply them,
+ please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such activity.
+
+ For information regarding other features and extensions available with this
+ manual pager, please read the documents supplied with the package.
+
+DEFAULTS
+ man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database
+ caches. If the -u option is given, a cache consistency check is performed
+ to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If this option
+ is always given, it is not generally necessary to run mandb after the
+ caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However, the
+ cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages
+ installed, so it is not performed by default, and system administrators may
+ wish to run mandb every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To
+ forestall problems caused by outdated caches, man will fall back to file
+ globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was present.
+
+ Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a
+ relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is newer than the nroff
+ file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed
+ and then displayed, via use of a pager. The pager can be specified in a
+ number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see option -P
+ for details). If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the
+ nroff is filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
+
+ If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has
+ appropriate permissions), man will compress and store the cat file in the
+ background.
+
+ The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line
+ option -p or the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p
+ was not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial line of
+ the nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor string. To contain a valid
+ preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
+
+ '\" <string>
+
+ where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p
+ below.
+
+ If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set
+ is used.
+
+ A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter
+ (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an executable
+ program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it
+ is executed instead. It gets passed the manual source file, the preproces‐
+ sor string, and optionally the device specified with -T or -E as arguments.
+
+OPTIONS
+ Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in
+ $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful. For options that require an argument,
+ each duplication will override the previous argument value.
+
+ General options
+ -C file, --config-file=file
+ Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.man‐
+ path.
+
+ -d, --debug
+ Print debugging information.
+
+ -D, --default
+ This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets
+ man's behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset those options
+ that may have been set in $MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will
+ have their usual effect.
+
+ --warnings[=warnings]
+ Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity
+ checks on the source text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-sep‐
+ arated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is
+ "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff for a list of avail‐
+ able warning names.
+
+ Main modes of operation
+ -f, --whatis
+ Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual
+ page, if available. See whatis(1) for details.
+
+ -k, --apropos
+ Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions
+ for keywords and display any matches. See apropos(1) for details.
+
+ -K, --global-apropos
+ Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search,
+ and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should specify a
+ section to reduce the number of pages that need to be searched.
+ Search terms may be simple strings (the default), or regular expres‐
+ sions if the --regex option is used.
+
+ -l, --local-file
+ Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files
+ instead of searching through the system's manual collection. Each
+ manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in
+ the correct format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is listed as
+ one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this
+ option is not used, and man fails to find the page required, before
+ displaying the error message, it attempts to act as if this option
+ was supplied, using the name as a filename and looking for an exact
+ match.
+
+ -w, --where, --path, --location
+ Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the loca‐
+ tion(s) of the source nroff files that would be formatted.
+
+ -W, --where-cat, --location-cat
+ Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the loca‐
+ tion(s) of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and -W are
+ both specified, print both separated by a space.
+
+ -c, --catman
+ This option is not for general use and should only be used by the
+ catman program.
+
+ -R encoding, --recode=encoding
+ Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its
+ source converted to the specified encoding. If you already know the
+ encoding of the source file, you can also use manconv(1) directly.
+ However, this option allows you to convert several manual pages to a
+ single encoding without having to explicitly state the encoding of
+ each, provided that they were already installed in a structure simi‐
+ lar to a manual page hierarchy.
+
+ Finding manual pages
+ -L locale, --locale=locale
+ man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C
+ function setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment vari‐
+ ables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily
+ override the determined value, use this option to supply a locale
+ string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the
+ search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message
+ will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.
+
+ -m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
+ If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages,
+ they can be accessed using this option. To search for a manual page
+ from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS.
+
+ The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operat‐
+ ing system names. To include a search of the native operating sys‐
+ tem's manual pages, include the system name man in the argument
+ string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environment variable.
+
+ -M path, --manpath=path
+ Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath
+ derived code to determine the path to search. This option overrides
+ the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be
+ ignored.
+
+ A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page
+ hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-db manual
+ (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages outside such
+ hierarchies, see the -l option.
+
+ -S list, -s list, --sections=list
+ List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual
+ sections to search. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment
+ variable. (The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)
+
+ -e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
+ Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as
+ those that accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual page
+ hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages
+ with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually all
+ assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible
+ to put the pages in the correct section, and to assign a specific
+ `extension' to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal opera‐
+ tion, man will display exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To
+ negotiate this situation and to avoid having to know which section
+ the page you require resides in, it is now possible to give man a
+ sub-extension string indicating which package the page must belong
+ to. Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to man
+ will restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.
+
+ -i, --ignore-case
+ Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
+
+ -I, --match-case
+ Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
+
+ --regex
+ Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descrip‐
+ tions matching each page argument as a regular expression, as with
+ apropos(1). Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a
+ "best" page when searching for a regular expression, this option
+ implies -a.
+
+ --wildcard
+ Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descrip‐
+ tions matching each page argument using shell-style wildcards, as
+ with apropos(1) --wildcard. The page argument must match the entire
+ name or description, or match on word boundaries in the description.
+ Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when
+ searching for a wildcard, this option implies -a.
+
+ --names-only
+ If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names,
+ not page descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise, no effect.
+
+ -a, --all
+ By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual
+ page it finds. Using this option forces man to display all the man‐
+ ual pages with names that match the search criteria.
+
+ -u, --update
+ This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check
+ on its database caches to ensure that they are an accurate represen‐
+ tation of the filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man
+ is installed with the setuid bit set.
+
+ --no-subpages
+ By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names
+ given on the command line as equivalent to a single manual page name
+ containing a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the common pat‐
+ tern of programs that implement a number of subcommands, allowing
+ them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using
+ similar syntax as would be used to invoke the subcommands them‐
+ selves. For example:
+
+ $ man -aw git diff
+ /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
+
+ To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
+
+ $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
+ /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
+ /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
+ /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
+
+ Controlling formatted output
+ -P pager, --pager=pager
+ Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager -s.
+ This option overrides the $MANPAGER environment variable, which in
+ turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is not used in
+ conjunction with -f or -k.
+
+ The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments,
+ and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double
+ quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you
+ need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the file to display
+ either as an argument or on standard input.
+
+ -r prompt, --prompt=prompt
+ If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt
+ to set its prompt and some sensible options. The default prompt
+ looks like
+
+ Manual page name(sec) line x
+
+ where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it
+ was found under and x the current line number. This is achieved by
+ using the $LESS environment variable.
+
+ Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string
+ may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to the name of
+ the current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and
+ `)'. The string used to produce the default could be expressed as
+
+ \ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
+ byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
+ (press h for help or q to quit)
+
+ It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only.
+ For its meaning see the less(1) manual page. The prompt string is
+ first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and
+ backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a preceding backslash.
+ The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by
+ further options for less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
+
+ The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be used to set
+ a default prompt string if none is supplied on the command line.
+
+ -7, --ascii
+ When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or ter‐
+ minal emulator, some characters may not display correctly when using
+ the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff. This option allows
+ pure ascii manual pages to be displayed in ascii with the latin1
+ device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table
+ shows the translations performed: some parts of it may only be dis‐
+ played properly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
+
+
+ Description Octal latin1 ascii
+ ──────────────────────────────────────────
+ continuation 255 ‐ -
+ hyphen
+ bullet (middle 267 · o
+ dot)
+ acute accent 264 ´ '
+ multiplication 327 × x
+ sign
+
+ If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up
+ for latin1 characters and this option is not necessary. If the
+ latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page
+ using this option or man did not format this page using the latin1
+ device description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you
+ may need to view manual pages with this option.
+
+ This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may
+ be useless for nroff other than GNU's.
+
+ -E encoding, --encoding=encoding
+ Generate output for a character encoding other than the default.
+ For backward compatibility, encoding may be an nroff device such as
+ ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding such as
+ UTF-8.
+
+ --no-hyphenation, --nh
+ Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks
+ even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to do
+ so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing. This
+ option disables automatic hyphenation, so words will only be hyphen‐
+ ated if they already contain hyphens.
+
+ If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff
+ from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not use this
+ option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance,
+ you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that it may be hyphenated
+ at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent it from
+ being hyphenated.
+
+ --no-justification, --nj
+ Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins.
+ This option disables full justification, leaving justified only to
+ the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
+
+ If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff
+ from justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this option, but con‐
+ sult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can use the
+ ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests to temporarily disable
+ adjusting and filling.
+
+ -p string, --preprocessor=string
+ Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or
+ troff/groff. Not all installations will have a full set of pre‐
+ processors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to des‐
+ ignate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v),
+ refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment vari‐
+ able. zsoelim is always run as the very first preprocessor.
+
+ -t, --troff
+ Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option
+ is not required in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
+
+ -T[device], --troff-device[=device]
+ This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to
+ be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies -t.
+ Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8,
+ X75 and X100.
+
+ -H[browser], --html[=browser]
+ This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will dis‐
+ play that output in a web browser. The choice of browser is deter‐
+ mined by the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the
+ $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-time default if that
+ is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work
+ with GNU troff.
+
+ -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
+ This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using
+ the gxditview program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be 75, 75-12,
+ 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a 12-point
+ base font. This option implies -T with the X75, X75-12, X100, or
+ X100-12 device respectively.
+
+ -Z, --ditroff
+ groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to
+ produce output suitable for the chosen device. If groff -mandoc is
+ groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a
+ post-processor. It implies -t.
+
+ Getting help
+ -?, --help
+ Print a help message and exit.
+
+ --usage
+ Print a short usage message and exit.
+
+ -V, --version
+ Display version information.
+
+EXIT STATUS
+ 0 Successful program execution.
+
+ 1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
+
+ 2 Operational error.
+
+ 3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
+
+ 16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't
+ matched.
+
+ENVIRONMENT
+ MANPATH
+ If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for man‐
+ ual pages.
+
+ MANROFFOPT
+ The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time
+ man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
+
+ MANROFFSEQ
+ If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of
+ preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The default pre‐
+ processor list is system dependent.
+
+ MANSECT
+ If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections
+ and it is used to determine which manual sections to search and in
+ what order. The default is "1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 5 4 9 6
+ 7", unless overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.con‐
+ fig.
+
+ MANPAGER, PAGER
+ If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its
+ value is used as the name of the program used to display the manual
+ page. By default, pager -s is used.
+
+ The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments,
+ and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double
+ quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you
+ need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the file to display
+ either as an argument or on standard input.
+
+ MANLESS
+ If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default prompt
+ string for the less pager, as if it had been passed using the -r
+ option (so any occurrences of the text $MAN_PN will be expanded in
+ the same way). For example, if you want to set the prompt string
+ unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to
+ ‘-Psmy prompt string’. Using the -r option overrides this environ‐
+ ment variable.
+
+ BROWSER
+ If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands,
+ each of which in turn is used to try to start a web browser for man
+ --html. In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing
+ the HTML output from groff, %% is replaced by a single percent sign
+ (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
+
+ SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been
+ specified as the argument to the -m option.
+
+ MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and
+ is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the other man spe‐
+ cific environment variables can be expressed as command line
+ options, and are thus candidates for being included in $MANOPT it is
+ expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that
+ should be interpreted as part of an option's argument must be
+ escaped.
+
+ MANWIDTH
+ If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which
+ manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set, manual pages
+ will be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current ter‐
+ minal (using an ioctl(2) if available, the value of $COLUMNS, or
+ falling back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages
+ will only be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is
+ when the terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
+
+ MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
+ Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as
+ to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are discarded to make it
+ easier to read the result without special tools. However, if
+ $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-empty value, these formatting
+ characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man
+ that can interpret formatting characters.
+
+ MAN_KEEP_STDERR
+ Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a
+ pager), any error output from the command used to produce formatted
+ versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid interfering with the
+ pager's display. Programs such as groff often produce relatively
+ minor error messages about typographical problems such as poor
+ alignment, which are unsightly and generally confusing when dis‐
+ played along with the manual page. However, some users want to see
+ them anyway, so, if $MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value,
+ error output will be displayed as usual.
+
+ LANG, LC_MESSAGES
+ Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and
+ $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the current message locale.
+ man will display its messages in that locale (if available). See
+ setlocale(3) for precise details.
+
+FILES
+ /etc/manpath.config
+ man-db configuration file.
+
+ /usr/share/man
+ A global manual page hierarchy.
+
+ /usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
+ A traditional global index database cache.
+
+ /var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
+ An FHS compliant global index database cache.
+
+SEE ALSO
+ apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1),
+ zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7), latin1(7), man(7), cat‐
+ man(8), mandb(8), the man-db package manual, FSSTND
+
+HISTORY
+ 1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
+
+ Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by
+ Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
+
+ 30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has
+ been developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few dedi‐
+ cated people.
+
+ 30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org>
+ maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian project, with the help
+ of all the community.
+
+ 31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now
+ developing and maintaining man-db.
+
+
+
+2.6.7.1 2014-04-10 MAN(1)